论文标题
3D LiDAR协助GNSS NLOS缓解可靠的GNSS-RTK定位在Urban Canyons
3D LiDAR Aided GNSS NLOS Mitigation for Reliable GNSS-RTK Positioning in Urban Canyons
论文作者
论文摘要
GNSS和LIDAR射量分别提供了绝对和相对定位,因此是互补的。它们以松散耦合方式的整合很简单,但由于GNSS信号反射,在城市峡谷中受到挑战。最近提出的3D激光雷达(3DLA)GNSS方法采用点云图来识别GNSS信号的非线视线(NLOS)接收。这有助于GNSS接收器获得改进的城市定位,但不能达到子米水平。 GNSS实时运动学(RTK)使用载体相测量来获得分解值级的定位。在城市地区,GNSS RTK不仅受到多路径和受NLOS影响的测量的挑战,而且还受到建筑物信号阻塞的侵害。后者将在解决载体相测量中的歧义方面构成挑战。换句话说,歧义分辨率(AR)的模型可观察性大大降低。本文建议使用来自累积的3D点云图(PCM)的所选LIDAR地标生成虚拟卫星(VS)测量。这些LiDAR-PCM制造的与测量值与GNSS伪和载体相测量紧密耦合。因此,VS测量值可以提供互补的约束,这意味着在各个街道方向上提供低海拔角度测量值。使用因子图优化完成实现,以在将其送入lambda之前求解歧义的精确浮点解决方案。提出方法的有效性已通过我们最近开放的挑战数据集Urbannav进行的评估验证。结果表明,拟议的3DLA GNSS RTK的固定速率约为30%,而常规的GNSS-RTK仅达到约14%。此外,所提出的方法在挑战性城市地区收集的大多数数据中达到了次级定位精度。
GNSS and LiDAR odometry are complementary as they provide absolute and relative positioning, respectively. Their integration in a loosely-coupled manner is straightforward but is challenged in urban canyons due to the GNSS signal reflections. Recent proposed 3D LiDAR-aided (3DLA) GNSS methods employ the point cloud map to identify the non-line-of-sight (NLOS) reception of GNSS signals. This facilitates the GNSS receiver to obtain improved urban positioning but not achieve a sub-meter level. GNSS real-time kinematics (RTK) uses carrier phase measurements to obtain decimeter-level positioning. In urban areas, the GNSS RTK is not only challenged by multipath and NLOS-affected measurement but also suffers from signal blockage by the building. The latter will impose a challenge in solving the ambiguity within the carrier phase measurements. In the other words, the model observability of the ambiguity resolution (AR) is greatly decreased. This paper proposes to generate virtual satellite (VS) measurements using the selected LiDAR landmarks from the accumulated 3D point cloud maps (PCM). These LiDAR-PCM-made VS measurements are tightly-coupled with GNSS pseudorange and carrier phase measurements. Thus, the VS measurements can provide complementary constraints, meaning providing low-elevation-angle measurements in the across-street directions. The implementation is done using factor graph optimization to solve an accurate float solution of the ambiguity before it is fed into LAMBDA. The effectiveness of the proposed method has been validated by the evaluation conducted on our recently open-sourced challenging dataset, UrbanNav. The result shows the fix rate of the proposed 3DLA GNSS RTK is about 30% while the conventional GNSS-RTK only achieves about 14%. In addition, the proposed method achieves sub-meter positioning accuracy in most of the data collected in challenging urban areas.