论文标题

云层和热电离层的系外行星天气和气候制度:一项模型网格研究,以支持大规模观察活动

Exoplanet weather and climate regimes with clouds and thermal ionospheres: A model grid study in support of large-scale observational campaigns

论文作者

Helling, Christiane, Samra, Dominic, Lewis, David, Calder, Robb, Hirst, Georgina, Woitke, Peter, Baeyens, Robin, Carone, Ludmila, Herbort, Oliver, Chubb, Katy L.

论文摘要

随着观察性的努力从发现转变为表征模式,需要进行涵盖全球恒星和行星参数范围的系统运动。由于宿主星对其大气的热力学结构的影响,我们的目标是发现云形成趋势和全球变化的化学状态。我们旨在为JWST,Plato和Ariel等系外行星任务以及潜在的UV任务Arago,Polstar或Pollux提供投入。 M,K,G,F宿主星的预计算3D GCM是我们动力学云模型的输入。气态系外行星大致分为三类:i)具有均匀云覆盖率的凉爽行星,ii)具有不对称日期云覆盖率的中等温度行星,以及iii)超热行星,在白天,没有云的超热行星。在II类)中,}日期云图案是由风流和辐照塑造的。表面重力和行星旋转几乎没有影响。扩展的大气曲线表明,金属氧化物簇的形式形成了矿物质雾度(例如(Tio2)_n)。日子云覆盖范围是不同行星制度及其由此产生的天气和气候外观的明显标志。 (i)类是全球具有非常均匀的云颗粒大小和物质组成的行星(例如,hats-6b,ngts-1b),类(例如ii,ii,wasp-43b,hd \,209458b)和(例如,iii,e.g.因此,c/o比在(i)类中受到同质影响,但在(ii)和(iii)类中不对称。 (i)和(ii)行星的大气很少受热电离的影响,但是(III)类行星在时代表现出深层电离层。因此,磁耦合将对不同的行星产生不同的影响,并且在更延长,无云的日子上将更加有效。

With observational efforts moving from the discovery into the characterisation mode, systematic campaigns that cover large ranges of global stellar and planetary parameters will be needed. We aim to uncover cloud formation trends and globally changing chemical regimes due to the host star's effect on the thermodynamic structure of their atmospheres. We aim to provide input for exoplanet missions like JWST, PLATO, and Ariel, as well as potential UV missions ARAGO, PolStar or POLLUX. Pre-calculated 3D GCMs for M, K, G, F host stars are the input for our kinetic cloud model. Gaseous exoplanets fall broadly into three classes: i) cool planets with homogeneous cloud coverage, ii) intermediate temperature planets with asymmetric dayside cloud coverage, and iii) ultra-hot planets without clouds on the dayside. In class ii),} the dayside cloud patterns are shaped by the wind flow and irradiation. Surface gravity and planetary rotation have little effect. Extended atmosphere profiles suggest the formation of mineral haze in form of metal-oxide clusters (e.g. (TiO2)_N). The dayside cloud coverage is the tell-tale sign for the different planetary regimes and their resulting weather and climate appearance. Class (i) is representative of planets with a very homogeneous cloud particle size and material compositions across the globe (e.g., HATS-6b, NGTS-1b), classes (ii, e.g., WASP-43b, HD\,209458b) and (iii, e.g., WASP-121b, WP0137b) have a large day/night divergence of the cloud properties. The C/O ratio is, hence, homogeneously affected in class (i), but asymmetrically in class (ii) and (iii). The atmospheres of class (i) and (ii) planets are little affected by thermal ionisation, but class (iii) planets exhibit a deep ionosphere on the dayside. Magnetic coupling will therefore affect different planets differently and will be more efficient on the more extended, cloud-free dayside.

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