论文标题

检测大气从四个小迷你海王星逃脱

Detection of Atmospheric Escape from Four Young Mini Neptunes

论文作者

Zhang, Michael, Knutson, Heather A., Dai, Fei, Wang, Lile, Ricker, George R., Schwarz, Richard P., Mann, Christopher, Collins, Karen

论文摘要

我们使用Keck/NirSpec来调查附近K Dwargs绕行的Young($ <$ 1 GYR)的样本($ <$ 1 GYR),以通过亚稳态氦气线测量其质量损失。我们在初始样品中检测到所有四个靶标的氦吸收。在上一篇论文中宣布了TOI 560B附近的第一个检测。现在,我们宣布TOI 1430.01、2076b和TOI 1683.01附近的其他三个检测。所有四个行星的平均过量吸收平均为0.7--1.0%。但是,流出的运动特性不同。 TOI 1430b表现出吸收前的吸收,而TOI 2076b的流出非常厚,并且显示出明显的上装后吸收。对于所有四个行星,测得的氦吸收信号的宽度与光蒸发流出的期望一致(10---30 km/s,5000--10,000 K)。除非除热速度和大容量流出速度以外的宽扩大机制显着,否则我们的观察结果损害了核心驱动的质量损失模型,这些模型预测了较慢(1---3 km/s)的流出。我们既利用等温parker风模型又利用了魔力顺序的方法来估计质量损失时间尺度,并为每个星球获得几百Myr的$ \ sim $。我们得出的结论是,这些行星中的许多(如果不是全部)将失去其氢的信封并成为超级地球。我们的结果表明,大多数旋转的阳光恒星的大多数迷你海王星都具有原始的气氛,而光蒸发是一种有效的机制,用于剥夺这些气氛并将这些行星转化为超级地球。

We use Keck/NIRSPEC to survey a sample of of young ($<$1 Gyr), short period mini Neptunes orbiting nearby K dwargs to measure their mass loss via the metastable helium line. We detect helium absorption from all four of the targets in our initial sample. The first detection, around TOI 560b, was announced in a previous paper. We now announce three additional detections around TOI 1430.01, 2076b, and TOI 1683.01. All four planets show an average in-transit excess absorption of 0.7--1.0%. However, the outflows differ in their kinematic properties. TOI 1430b exhibits pre-ingress absorption, while TOI 2076b's outflow is exceptionally optically thick and shows significant post-egress absorption. For all four planets, the width of the measured helium absorption signal is consistent with expectations for a photoevaporative outflow (10--30 km/s, 5000--10,000 K). Unless broadening mechanisms other than thermal velocity and the bulk outflow velocity are significant, our observations disfavor core-powered mass loss models, which predict much slower (1--3 km/s) outflows. We utilize both an isothermal Parker wind model and an order-of-magnitude method to estimate the mass loss timescale, and obtain $\sim$ a few hundred Myr for each planet. We conclude that many, if not all, of these planets will lose their hydrogen-rich envelopes and become super Earths. Our results demonstrate that most mini Neptunes orbiting sun-like stars have primordial atmospheres, and that photoevaporation is an efficient mechanism for stripping these atmospheres and transforming these planets into super Earths.

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