论文标题
调查有条件和高度自动驾驶的解释：情况意识和方式的影响
Investigating Explanations in Conditional and Highly Automated Driving: The Effects of Situation Awareness and Modality
论文作者
论文摘要
随着车辆的自动化水平增加，例如有条件的和高度自动化的车辆（AV），驾驶员越来越多地脱离控制环路，尤其是在意外的驾驶情况下。尽管可能不必在大多数情况下需要驾驶员进行干预，但在意外的驾驶场景中提高驾驶员的处境意识（SA）仍然很重要，以改善他们对AV的信任和接受。在这项研究中，我们以感知水平（SA L1），理解（SA L2）和投影（SA L3）概念化了SA，并根据可解释的AI提出了基于SA级别的解释框架。然后，我们研究了这些解释及其方式对驾驶员情境信任，认知工作量以及解释满意度的影响。通过两个（解释方式：视觉，视觉 +音频）在受试者之间实验的三个（SA L1：SA L1，SA L2和SA L3），对来自亚马逊机械土耳其人的340名参与者进行了实验。结果表明，通过使用拟议的基于SA的框架设计解释，参与者可以将注意力重定向到流量中的重要对象，并了解其对AV系统的含义。这改善了他们的SA，并填补了在特定情况下AV行为的对应关系的差距，这也增加了他们对AV的情境信任。结果表明，参与者报告了SA L2解释的最高信任，尽管在此级别上评估了心理工作量较高。结果还为解释和方式中信息量之间的关系提供了见解，这表明参与者对SA L1和SA L2条件中的纯视觉解释更加满意，并且对在SA L3条件下的视觉和听觉解释更加满意。
With the level of automation increases in vehicles, such as conditional and highly automated vehicles (AVs), drivers are becoming increasingly out of the control loop, especially in unexpected driving scenarios. Although it might be not necessary to require the drivers to intervene on most occasions, it is still important to improve drivers' situation awareness (SA) in unexpected driving scenarios to improve their trust in and acceptance of AVs. In this study, we conceptualized SA at the levels of perception (SA L1), comprehension (SA L2), and projection (SA L3), and proposed an SA level-based explanation framework based on explainable AI. Then, we examined the effects of these explanations and their modalities on drivers' situational trust, cognitive workload, as well as explanation satisfaction. A three (SA levels: SA L1, SA L2 and SA L3) by two (explanation modalities: visual, visual + audio) between-subjects experiment was conducted with 340 participants recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk. The results indicated that by designing the explanations using the proposed SA-based framework, participants could redirect their attention to the important objects in the traffic and understand their meaning for the AV system. This improved their SA and filled the gap of understanding the correspondence of AV's behavior in the particular situations which also increased their situational trust in AV. The results showed that participants reported the highest trust with SA L2 explanations, although the mental workload was assessed higher in this level. The results also provided insights into the relationship between the amount of information in explanations and modalities, showing that participants were more satisfied with visual-only explanations in the SA L1 and SA L2 conditions and were more satisfied with visual and auditory explanations in the SA L3 condition.
