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In this paper, a new yet indirect performance guaranteed framework is established to address the distributed tracking control problem for networked uncertain nonlinear strict-feedback systems with unknown time-varying gains under a directed interaction topology. The proposed framework involves two steps: In the first one, a fully distributed robust filter is constructed to estimate the desired trajectory for each agent with guaranteed observation performance that allows the directions among the agents to be non-identical. In the second one, by establishing a novel lemma regarding Nussbaum function, a new adaptive control protocol is developed for each agent based on backstepping technique, which not only steers the output to asymptotically track the corresponding estimated signal with arbitrarily prescribed transient performance, but also largely extends the scope of application since the unknown control gains are allowed to be time-varying and even state-dependent. In such an indirect way, the underlying problem is tackled with the output tracking error converging into an arbitrarily pre-assigned residual set exhibiting an arbitrarily pre-defined convergence rate. Besides, all the internal signals are ensured to be semi-globally ultimately uniformly bounded (SGUUB). Finally, simulation results are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the co-designed scheme.