论文标题
光谱证实了一个孤立的,中等质量YSO的人群
Spectroscopic Confirmation of a Population of Isolated, Intermediate-Mass YSOs
论文作者
论文摘要
对年轻恒星对象(YSO)的宽阔搜索可以对聚类与分布式恒星形成的普遍性施加有用的约束。 Spitzer/IRAC候选YSO(辣)目录是此类物体最大的汇编之一(银河中部平面中约有120,000名候选人)。许多辛辣的候选人在空间上是聚集的,但令人惊讶的是,大约一半的候选人出现在空间上。为了更好地描述这一意外的人群并确认其性质,我们获得了palomar/dbsp光谱的光学光谱(g <15 mag)“孤立的” YSO候选者。我们根据所有26个来源的YSO分类,这些分类基于它们在Hertzsprung-Russell图,H和CA II线排放中的一半以上的位置以及对红外过量的强大检测。这意味着符合我们光学选择标准的辛辣星的污染率<10%。光谱类型从B4到K3不等,最常见的是A型星。光谱能分布,弥漫性星体带和银河灭绝图表示中度至高灭绝。恒星质量从〜1到7 $ m_ \ odot $,估计的吸积率从$ 3 \ times10^{ - 8} $到$ 3 \ $ 3 \ times10^{ - 7} $ $ m_ \ odot $ yr $ yr $^{ - 1} $,是该质量范围内的典型的。这些恒星的3D空间分布基于Gaia的天体测量,表明“孤立的” YSO并未均匀分布在太阳邻域中,而是集中在KPC尺度的尘土飞扬的银河系结构中,该结构也包含大多数辣YSO簇。因此,产生大型银河系形成结构的过程可能会产生几乎与聚类YSO一样多的分布。
Wide-field searches for young stellar objects (YSOs) can place useful constraints on the prevalence of clustered versus distributed star formation. The Spitzer/IRAC Candidate YSO (SPICY) catalog is one of the largest compilations of such objects (~120,000 candidates in the Galactic midplane). Many SPICY candidates are spatially clustered, but, perhaps surprisingly, approximately half the candidates appear spatially distributed. To better characterize this unexpected population and confirm its nature, we obtained Palomar/DBSP spectroscopy for 26 of the optically-bright (G<15 mag) "isolated" YSO candidates. We confirm the YSO classifications of all 26 sources based on their positions on the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, H and Ca II line-emission from over half the sample, and robust detection of infrared excesses. This implies a contamination rate of <10% for SPICY stars that meet our optical selection criteria. Spectral types range from B4 to K3, with A-type stars most common. Spectral energy distributions, diffuse interstellar bands, and Galactic extinction maps indicate moderate to high extinction. Stellar masses range from ~1 to 7 $M_\odot$, and the estimated accretion rates, ranging from $3\times10^{-8}$ to $3\times10^{-7}$ $M_\odot$ yr$^{-1}$, are typical for YSOs in this mass range. The 3D spatial distribution of these stars, based on Gaia astrometry, reveals that the "isolated" YSOs are not evenly distributed in the Solar neighborhood but are concentrated in kpc-scale dusty Galactic structures that also contain the majority of the SPICY YSO clusters. Thus, the processes that produce large Galactic star-forming structures may yield nearly as many distributed as clustered YSOs.