论文标题

具有经典极化性的纳米颗粒的Casimir自感染:电磁场波动

Casimir Self-Entropy of Nanoparticles with Classical Polarizabilities: Electromagnetic Field Fluctuations

论文作者

Li, Yang, Milton, Kimball A., Parashar, Prachi, Kennedy, Gerard, Pourtolami, Nima, Guo, Xin

论文摘要

Casimir相互作用不仅不能保证为正面,而且更引人注目的是,Casimir身体的自我侵入可能是负面的。在这里,我们试图通过研究中性球形纳米粒子的Casimir人体内镜头来解释这些负面自我侵入的物理血统和含义。通过检查散射绿色功能的渐近行为来提取这种粒子的极化能力后,我们计算了相应的自由能和熵。在低温下考虑了两个用于纳米颗粒的模型,即球形等离子体$δ$ function壳和均匀的电介质/磁磁性球,因为从纳米粒子的角度来看,这一切都可以揭示。第二个模型包括对散装自由能的熵的贡献,指的是球内部或外部填充所有空间的情况,必须在物理上减去所有空间,以保持与范德华相互作用的一致性,与每个散装的自我渗透相对应。 (附录A中描述了范德华计算。但是我们建议,负的自我渗透只是一种相互作用的熵,这是两个散装的总熵和纳米层外部或内部的黑体熵之间的差异。真空熵始终是正面的,并压倒了相互作用的熵。因此,相互作用的熵可能为负,而不与统计热力学原理相矛盾。由于黑体辐射的熵本身起着重要作用,因此还详细讨论了它,包括分散效应。

Not only are Casimir interaction entropies not guaranteed to be positive, but also, more strikingly, Casimir self-entropies of bodies can be negative. Here, we attempt to interpret the physical origin and meaning of these negative self-entropies by investigating the Casimir self-entropy of a neutral spherical nanoparticle. After extracting the polarizabilities of such a particle by examining the asymptotic behavior of the scattering Green's function, we compute the corresponding free energy and entropy. Two models for the nanoparticle, namely a spherical plasma $δ$-function shell and a homogeneous dielectric/diamagnetic ball, are considered at low temperature, because that is all that can be revealed from a nanoparticle perspective. The second model includes a contribution to the entropy from the bulk free energy, referring to the situation where the medium inside or outside the ball fills all space, which must be subtracted on physical grounds in order to maintain consistency with van der Waals interactions, corresponding to the self-entropy of each bulk. (The van der Waals calculation is described in Appendix A.) The entropies so calculated agree with known results in the low-temperature limit, appropriate for a small particle, and are negative. But we suggest that the negative self-entropy is simply an interaction entropy, the difference between the total entropy and the blackbody entropy of the two bulks, outside or inside of the nanosphere. The vacuum entropy is always positive and overwhelms the interaction entropy. Thus the interaction entropy can be negative, without contradicting the principles of statistical thermodynamics. Because the entropy of blackbody radiation by itself plays an important role, it is also discussed, including dispersive effects, in detail.

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