论文标题
对流衡量低质量和高质量共同信封之间效率的差异
Convection Reconciles the Difference in Efficiencies Between Low-Mass and High-Mass Common Envelopes
论文作者
论文摘要
预计重力波合并来源的形成途径包括共同的包膜（CE）演变。观察到高质量后共鸣的包膜二进制文件表明，在CE阶段，能量转移到信封必须高效。相比之下，对低质量后二进制二进制的观察表明，在CE阶段的能量转移必须高效。对流是低质量和高质量恒星中存在的过程，自然可以解释这种二分法。利用对狼射线二进制的观察，我们研究了对流和辐射损失对预测的高质量共同信封的最终分离的影响。尽管在巨大的恒星中进行了强大的对流，但这种效果却很小，因为轨道在对流可以将释放的轨道能传输到表面上。在低质量系统中，对流传输的发生速度比轨道腐烂速度快，从而使系统可以放射冷却，从而降低效率。对流的包含再现了低质量和高质量二进制的观察结果，并且仍然是确定共同信封结果的必要成分。
The formation pathways for gravitational-wave merger sources are predicted to include common envelope (CE) evolution. Observations of high-mass post-common envelope binaries suggest that energy transfer to the envelope during the CE phase must be highly efficient. In contrast, observations of low-mass post-CE binaries indicate energy transfer during the CE phase must be highly inefficient. Convection, a process present in low-mass and high-mass stars, naturally explains this dichotomy. Using observations of Wolf-Rayet binaries, we study the effects of convection and radiative losses on the predicted final separations of high-mass common envelopes. Despite robust convection in massive stars, the effect is minimal as the orbit decays well before convection can transport the liberated orbital energy to the surface. In low-mass systems, convective transport occurs faster then the orbit decays, allowing the system to radiatively cool thereby lowering the efficiency. The inclusion of convection reproduces observations of low-mass and high-mass binaries and remains a necessary ingredient for determining outcomes of common envelopes.
