论文标题
宇宙学中的替代思想
Alternative ideas in cosmology
论文作者
论文摘要
这里回顾了一些替代宇宙理论的一些显着例子，从标准模型的变化汇编到更遥远的准态稳定宇宙学，等离子体宇宙学或宇宙模型作为超球，到包括静态模型在内的最外来的案例。 当今的宇宙学标准模型Lambda-CDM为我们提供了宇宙的代表，该宇宙的动力学以重力为主导，具有有限的寿命，大规模同质性，扩展和炎热的初始状态，以及其他必要的黑暗元素，以避免与观测值的某些不一致。但是，有些模型具有与标准模型的特征接近的模型，但在某些次要方面有所不同：对CP违规，通货膨胀，中微子物种的数量，夸克 - 戴隆相变的数量，夸克 - - - - hadrone Phass Truntition，Baryonic或非巴马式深色 - 深色，暗能量，核合成场景，大型结构形成场景；或主要变化，例如不均匀的宇宙，冷大爆炸，变化的物理常数或重力定律，零活性质量（也称为“ R_H = CT”），Milne和周期性模型。 在与标准模型最遥远的情况下，静态模型是一种非颜色的红移包括“疲倦”假设，假设光子由于固有的特性或与物质或光线的相互作用而失去了能量，因为它会在一定距离或其他非标准范围内传播。 我们的印象是，在提供可用的宇宙学观察的解释时，没有一个替代模型获得与Lambda-CDM相同的发展水平。但是，考虑到替代方案的发展水平要低得多，就不应根据可以成功解释它可以成功解释的观察次数来判断任何理论。
Some remarkable examples of alternative cosmological theories are reviewed here, ranging from a compilation of variations on the Standard Model through the more distant quasi-steady-state cosmology, plasma cosmology, or universe models as a hypersphere, to the most exotic cases including static models. The present-day standard model of cosmology, Lambda-CDM, gives us a representation of a cosmos whose dynamics is dominated by gravity with a finite lifetime, large scale homogeneity, expansion and a hot initial state, together with other dark elements necessary to avoid certain inconsistencies with observations. There are however some models with characteristics that are close to those of the standard model but differing in some minor aspects: different considerations on CP violation, inflation, number of neutrino species, quark-hadron phase transition, baryonic or non-baryonic dark-matter, dark energy, nucleosynthesis scenarios, large-scale structure formation scenarios; or major variations like a inhomogeneous universe, Cold Big Bang, varying physical constants or gravity law, zero-active mass (also called `R_h=ct'), Milne, and cyclical models. At the most extreme distance from the standard model, the static models, a non-cosmological redshift includes `tired-light' hypotheses, which assume that the photon loses energy owing to an intrinsic property or an interaction with matter or light as it travels some distance, or other non-standard ideas. Our impression is that none of the alternative models has acquired the same level of development as Lambda-CDM in offering explanations of available cosmological observations. One should not, however, judge any theory in terms of the number of observations that it can successfully explain (ad hoc in many cases) given the much lower level of development of the alternative ones.
