论文标题
概率公平行为在最后通游戏游戏中引发了它的提升:好撒玛利亚人的力量
Probabilistic fair behaviors spark its boost in the Ultimatum Game: the strength of good Samaritans
论文作者
论文摘要
最后通atum游戏的行为实验表明,我们的人类在公平竞争中具有非凡的偏好,这与游戏理论的预测相矛盾。但是,大多数寻求解释的现有模型严格遵循正统经济学中\ emph {homo Economicus}的假设,即人们是自私自利的,并且完全合理地使他们的收入最大化。在这里,我们通过允许人们选择成为“好撒玛利亚人”来放松这个假设,并不时充当公平的球员。对于结构良好且结构化的人群,我们从数值上表明,由于这种概率突然从低场景中提高了公平程度,直到完全公平状态,在这种情况下,偶尔的公平行为($ \ sim5 \%\%$)足以使整个人群在半时半分裂的方式中表现出来。我们还开发了一种平均场理论,该理论正确地重现了一阶相变,并指出双态性是该游戏的内在特性,而小型公平行为导致其分叉结构导致巨大的变化。但是,结构化的种群表现出连续的公平转变;令人惊讶的是,很少有一个充当公平参与者的枢纽节点能够将整个人群纳入全部公平状态。因此,我们的结果揭示了“好撒玛利亚人”的意外力量,这可能构成了我们社会中公平的新解释。
Behavioral experiments on the Ultimatum Game have shown that we human beings have remarkable preference in fair play, contradicting the predictions by the game theory. Most of the existing models seeking for explanations, however, strictly follow the assumption of \emph{Homo economicus} in orthodox Economics that people are self-interested and fully rational to maximize their earnings. Here we relax this assumption by allowing that people probabilistically choose to be "good Samaritans", acting as fair players from time to time. For well-mixed and homogeneously structured populations, we numerically show that as this probability increases the level of fairness undergoes from the low scenario abruptly to the full fairness state, where occasional fair behaviors ($\sim5\%$) are sufficient to drive the whole population to behave in the half-half split manner. We also develop a mean-field theory, which correctly reproduces the first-order phase transition and points out that the bistability is an intrinsic property of this game and small fair acts lead to dramatical change due to its bifurcation structure. Heterogeneously structured populations, however, display continuous fairness transition; surprisingly, very few hub nodes acting as fair players are able to entrain the whole population to the full fairness state. Our results thus reveal the unexpected strength of "good Samaritans", which may constitute a new explanation for the emergence of fairness in our society.