论文标题
区块链帽定理允许用户依赖于适应性和最终性
Blockchain CAP Theorem Allows User-Dependent Adaptivity and Finality
论文作者
论文摘要
最长的链区块链协议,例如比特币,即使积极参与的用户的数量是可变的,即它们是自适应的,也可以保证l。但是,在网络分区下,它们并不安全,即不能保证最终性。另一方面,诸如PBFT之类的经典区块链协议达到了最终性,但不能适应。实际上,在区块链背景下,CAP定理断言没有任何协议可以同时提供适应性和最终性。 我们提出了一种新的区块链协议,称为“检查站最长的链”,该协议为个人用户提供了最终性和适应性之间的选择,而不是将其强加于系统范围。该协议的显着特征是它支持两个不同的确认规则:一个保证适应性和另一个终结性。更乐观的自适应规则总是确认由更保守的规则确定为最终确定的块,并且可能在可变参与级别中确认更多块。客户(用户)根据其个人喜好在确认规则之间做出本地选择,而矿工遵循固定的块提案规则,该规则符合这两个确认规则。提出的协议具有内在有效性的附加优势:最终确定的区块始终位于单个区块链上,因此矿工可以在提出区块的同时证明交易的有效性。我们的协议建立在最终的概念上,这是一种流行的技术,用于为最长的链协议添加最终性。
Longest-chain blockchain protocols, such as Bitcoin, guarantee liveness even when the number of actively participating users is variable, i.e., they are adaptive. However, they are not safe under network partitions, i.e., they do not guarantee finality. On the other hand, classical blockchain protocols, like PBFT, achieve finality but not adaptivity. Indeed, the CAP theorem in the context of blockchains asserts that no protocol can simultaneously offer both adaptivity and finality. We propose a new blockchain protocol, called the checkpointed longest chain, that offers individual users the choice between finality and adaptivity instead of imposing it at a system-wide level. This protocol's salient feature is that it supports two distinct confirmation rules: one that guarantees adaptivity and the other finality. The more optimistic adaptive rule always confirms blocks that are marked as finalized by the more conservative rule, and may possibly confirm more blocks during variable participation levels. Clients (users) make a local choice between the confirmation rules as per their personal preference, while miners follow a fixed block proposal rule that is consistent with both confirmation rules. The proposed protocol has the additional benefit of intrinsic validity: the finalized blocks always lie on a single blockchain, and therefore miners can attest to the validity of transactions while proposing blocks. Our protocol builds on the notion of a finality gadget, a popular technique for adding finality to longest-chain protocols.