论文标题
前旋转旋转对月球形成碰撞的影响
The effect of pre-impact spin on the Moon-forming collision
论文作者
论文摘要
我们模拟了创造月球的原始地球与火星大小的影响器之间的假设碰撞。在产生的碎片盘中,我们发现了一块自我磨碎的材料团。它大约是月球的质量,包含$ \ sim1 \%$ ron,像月亮一样,首次解决其内部构图。该团块主要含有其核心附近的撞击物材料,但越来越丰富在其表面附近的原始材料中。最近在阿波罗样品的氧同位素比中测量了一个渐变成分,这表明在形成月球的原始地球和撞击物材料之间不完全混合。但是,月球大小的团块的形成敏感地取决于撞击器的自旋。为了探讨这一点,我们开发了一种快速方法来构建多层旋转物体的模型及其转化为初始条件,以进行平滑的粒子流体动力学(SPH)模拟。我们使用公开可用的代码来计算静水平衡中的密度和压力曲线,然后生成超过十亿个颗粒的配置,SPH密度在所需值的$ 1 \%$之内。该算法在台式计算机上以$ 10^7 $颗粒的形式在几分钟内运行,并可以直接控制旋转体的性能。相比之下,在旋转体的结构之前,在超级计算机上花费数小时的松弛或旋转技术甚至已知。仅在影响器的初始旋转方面有所不同的碰撞显示出多种结果:合并,放牧的撞击或创建轨道原始月亮。
We simulate the hypothesised collision between the proto-Earth and a Mars-sized impactor that created the Moon. Amongst the resulting debris disk in some impacts, we find a self-gravitating clump of material. It is roughly the mass of the Moon, contains $\sim1\%$ iron like the Moon, and has its internal composition resolved for the first time. The clump contains mainly impactor material near its core but becomes increasingly enriched in proto-Earth material near its surface. A graduated composition has recently been measured in the oxygen isotope ratios of Apollo samples, suggesting incomplete mixing between proto-Earth and impactor material that formed the Moon. However, the formation of the Moon-sized clump depends sensitively on the spin of the impactor. To explore this, we develop a fast method to construct models of multi-layered, rotating bodies and their conversion into initial conditions for smoothed particle hydrodynamical (SPH) simulations. We use our publicly available code to calculate density and pressure profiles in hydrostatic equilibrium, then generate configurations of over a billion particles with SPH densities within $1\%$ of the desired values. This algorithm runs in a few minutes on a desktop computer, for $10^7$ particles, and allows direct control over the properties of the spinning body. In comparison, relaxation or spin-up techniques that take hours on a supercomputer before the structure of the rotating body is even known. Collisions that differ only in the impactor's initial spin reveal a wide variety of outcomes: a merger, a grazing hit-and-run, or the creation of an orbiting proto-Moon.