论文标题
深度序列:自动赛车的参数化轨迹
DeepRacing: Parameterized Trajectories for Autonomous Racing
论文作者
论文摘要
我们认为在现实的一级方程式环境中,高速自主赛车的具有挑战性的问题。深度序列是一种新颖的端到端框架,也是用于培训和评估自动赛车算法的虚拟测试。虚拟测试床是使用Codemasters开发的现实F1系列视频游戏实现的,许多一级方程式驾驶员都将其用于训练。该虚拟测试台均在开源许可下以独立的C ++ API以及与流行的机器人操作系统2(ROS2)框架的绑定而发布。这种开源API允许任何人使用F1游戏的高保真物理和现实的功能作为模拟器,而无需黑客入侵任何游戏引擎代码。我们使用此框架来评估几种自主赛车的神经网络方法。具体来说,我们考虑了几个完全端到端的模型,这些模型可以直接预测自动赛车的转向和加速命令,以及一个预测汽车本地坐标系统中遵循的路点列表的模型,其任务是选择剩下的转向/油门角度,剩余到经典控制算法。我们还通过训练深层神经网络来预测轨迹的参数化表示,而不是航路点列表来提出一种新型的自主赛车方法。我们在开源模拟器中评估了这些模型性能,并表明轨迹预测远远优于端到端驾驶。此外,我们表明,端到端模型的开环性能,即模型预测的控制值的根平方错误,并不一定与闭环意义上的驾驶性能提高,即围绕轨道比赛的实际能力。最后,我们表明我们提出的参数化轨迹预测模型优于端到端控制和航向点预测。
We consider the challenging problem of high speed autonomous racing in a realistic Formula One environment. DeepRacing is a novel end-to-end framework, and a virtual testbed for training and evaluating algorithms for autonomous racing. The virtual testbed is implemented using the realistic F1 series of video games, developed by Codemasters, which many Formula One drivers use for training. This virtual testbed is released under an open-source license both as a standalone C++ API and as a binding to the popular Robot Operating System 2 (ROS2) framework. This open-source API allows anyone to use the high fidelity physics and photo-realistic capabilities of the F1 game as a simulator, and without hacking any game engine code. We use this framework to evaluate several neural network methodologies for autonomous racing. Specifically, we consider several fully end-to-end models that directly predict steering and acceleration commands for an autonomous race car as well as a model that predicts a list of waypoints to follow in the car's local coordinate system, with the task of selecting a steering/throttle angle left to a classical control algorithm. We also present a novel method of autonomous racing by training a deep neural network to predict a parameterized representation of a trajectory rather than a list of waypoints. We evaluate these models performance in our open-source simulator and show that trajectory prediction far outperforms end-to-end driving. Additionally, we show that open-loop performance for an end-to-end model, i.e. root-mean-square error for a model's predicted control values, does not necessarily correlate with increased driving performance in the closed-loop sense, i.e. actual ability to race around a track. Finally, we show that our proposed model of parameterized trajectory prediction outperforms both end-to-end control and waypoint prediction.