论文标题

两个组合MA完整问题

Two combinatorial MA-complete problems

论文作者

Aharonov, Dorit, Grilo, Alex B.

论文摘要

尽管对复杂性类MA感兴趣,NP的随机类似物,但仅知道一些自然的MA完整问题。第一个问题是由(Bravyi和Terhal,Siam Computing 2009)发现的;然后是(Crosson,Bacon和Brown,2010年之前)和(Bravyi,量子信息与计算2015)。令人惊讶的是,其中两个是使用量子计算中术语定义的,而第三个问题则是受量子计算的启发并保持物理术语的启发。这样可以防止经典的复杂性理论家研究这些问题,从而延迟了潜在的进步,例如NP与MA问题。 在这里,我们定义了两个新的组合问题,并证明了它们的MA完整性。第一个问题ACAC作为输入,带有一些标记的顶点。问题是要确定是否有一个连接的组件只有未标记的顶点,还是该图远非具有此属性。第二个问题SETCSP将标准约束满意度问题(CSP)推广到涉及字符串集的约束中。 从技术上讲,我们证明SETCSP是MA完整的证据是基于(Aharonov and Grilo,Focs,2019年)的观察,其中指出,Bravyi和Terhal的问题有限的案例(即统一的案例)已经是MA-Complete;一个简单的技巧允许使用组合语言陈述此限制案例。 ACAC的第一个,更自然的问题是MA-HARD的事实,这是自然而然的,而MA中的ACAC遏制是基于随机步行理论的。 我们注意到,Aharonov和Grilo的主要结果以直接的方式延续到SETCSP问题,这意味着为SETCSP找到一个差距放大过程(如Dinur的PCP证明)等于MA = NP。这为通往降低MA的主要问题提供了另一种新的途径。

Despite the interest in the complexity class MA, the randomized analog of NP, just a few natural MA-complete problems are known. The first problem was found by (Bravyi and Terhal, SIAM Journal of Computing 2009); it was then followed by (Crosson, Bacon and Brown, PRE 2010) and (Bravyi, Quantum Information and Computation 2015). Surprisingly, two of these problems are defined using terminology from quantum computation, while the third is inspired by quantum computation and keeps a physical terminology. This prevents classical complexity theorists from studying these problems, delaying potential progress, e.g., on the NP vs. MA question. Here, we define two new combinatorial problems and prove their MA-completeness. The first problem, ACAC, gets as input a succinctly described graph, with some marked vertices. The problem is to decide whether there is a connected component with only unmarked vertices, or the graph is far from having this property. The second problem, SetCSP, generalizes standard constraint satisfaction problem (CSP) into constraints involving sets of strings. Technically, our proof that SetCSP is MA-complete is based on an observation by (Aharonov and Grilo, FOCS 2019), in which it was noted that a restricted case of Bravyi and Terhal's problem (namely, the uniform case) is already MA-complete; a simple trick allows to state this restricted case using combinatorial language. The fact that the first, more natural, problem of ACAC is MA-hard follows quite naturally from this proof, while the containment of ACAC in MA is based on the theory of random walks. We notice that the main result of Aharonov and Grilo carries over to the SetCSP problem in a straightforward way, implying that finding a gap-amplification procedure for SetCSP (as in Dinur's PCP proof) is equivalent to MA=NP. This provides an alternative new path towards the major problem of derandomizing MA.

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